Soil health is the continued capacity of soil to function as a living ecosystem that supports plants, animals and people. A healthy soil has good structure, adequate organic matter, balanced nutrients, the ability to hold water and an active community of living organisms. The soil–plant microbiome refers to the billions of bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms that live in the soil, around plant roots (the rhizosphere) and even inside plant tissues (endophytes). These microbes recycle nutrients, fix nitrogen, make phosphorus available, protect plants from pathogens and help them tolerate drought and salinity. When soils are degraded by erosion, compaction, pollution or overuse of chemicals, this microbial life declines and crop performance suffers.
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