Nano-agriculture is the application of nanotechnology, the science of materials at the scale of one to one hundred nanometres, to farming. At this tiny scale, materials have a very large surface area and can behave differently from their bulk forms. Nano-fertilisers deliver nutrients such as nitrogen, zinc or iron in nanoparticle form, allowing plants to absorb them more efficiently and reducing the amount lost to leaching and runoff. Next-generation fertilisers also include slow- and controlled-release products, coated fertilisers and smart formulations that release nutrients in step with crop demand. Nanotechnology is also being explored for pesticide delivery, sensors and seed treatment, although questions about safety and long-term environmental effects still need careful study.
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