Crop improvement is the science of developing new plant varieties with better yield, quality, nutritional value and tolerance to pests, diseases and environmental stress. Plant breeding achieves this by selecting and crossing plants with desirable traits over several generations. Hybrid seeds are produced by crossing two genetically different parent lines; the resulting first-generation plants often show hybrid vigour (heterosis), giving higher and more uniform yields. Modern breeding combines traditional field selection with molecular tools such as DNA markers and genomic selection, which help breeders identify promising plants earlier. Good seed systems, which produce, certify and distribute quality seed, are essential for these improved varieties to reach farmers.
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