Controlled environment agriculture (CEA) is the production of crops inside structures where growing conditions such as light, temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide, water and nutrients can be managed. Greenhouses are the most common form, ranging from simple plastic-covered tunnels to high-tech glasshouses with automated climate control. Vertical farms grow crops in stacked layers inside buildings, usually under LED lighting. Many CEA systems use hydroponics, where plants grow in nutrient-rich water instead of soil, or related soilless methods such as aeroponics and substrate culture. CEA allows year-round production, higher yields per unit area, lower water use and reduced pesticide needs, and it brings food production closer to cities.
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