Abiotic stress refers to non-living environmental factors that limit plant growth and yield, such as drought, high or low temperatures, salinity, flooding, nutrient deficiency and heavy-metal toxicity. Stress physiology studies how plants sense and respond to these conditions, for example by closing their stomata, adjusting their root systems, producing protective compounds and activating stress-related genes. Plant phenotyping is the measurement of a plant's observable traits, such as height, leaf area, colour, root architecture and yield. High-throughput phenotyping uses cameras, sensors, drones and image analysis to measure these traits quickly across thousands of plants, helping researchers identify varieties that perform well under stress.
What You Will Learn